Intermediate Econometrics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intermediate Econometrics - Coursework Example permit and denote their unadjusted counterparts. ThenThe answer is FALSE in poundlinear regression analysis is used to severalize the pattern of data in a contingency table. A model is constructed to predict the natural log of the frequency of each cell in the contingency table. For a 2x2 table, that means the model is . So we endure always say, as a simple function, that the coefficient represents an increase in the log of predicted counts. If , for instance, we could say that this model shows that actor increases the predicted log count by 2 (all other factors held constant).The answer is TRUE all the third tests (Wald test, Lagrange Multiplier, likelihood ratio test) address the same basic question, which is, does constraining parameters to zero (i.e. leaving out the predictor variables) strike down the fit of the model? The null hypothesis for all three tests is that the smaller model is the true model, a large test statistics indicate that the null hypothesis is false. The only distinction between the tests is how they go well-nigh answering that question. The graph below explains more on the relationshipThe graph below illustrates what each of the three tests does. Along the (labelled ) are possible prises of the parameter . Along the are the values of the log likelihood corresponding to those values ofa. The test compares the log likelihoods of a model with values of the parameter constrained to virtually value to a model whereis freely estimated. It does this by comparing the height of the likelihoods for the two models to see if the difference is statistically significant (having in mind, higher values of the likelihood indicate better fit). In the habitus above, this corresponds to the vertical distance between the two dotted lines. In contrast, the Wald test compares the parameter estimateto whereis the value ofunder the null hypothesis, which generally states that. Ifis significantly different

Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and Coursework

Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and imaginative thinking. Evaluate this statement in twain argonas of knowledge - Coursework ExampleIt is this process of creating and examining judgements that validates knowledge. It is, therefore, essential to discuss the works of certain philosophers in order to uphold the main argument. Thereafter, daily life instances can be evaluated to bring to light the link between creative thinking and knowledge. The two fields of knowledge that would come into consideration are mathematics and ethics.To begin with, Rene Descartes epistemic theory comes into practice. In his discourse theory, Descartes strives to arrive at true knowledge. True knowledge, in this instance, suggests knowledge that cannot be subjected to any skepticism. To begin with his discourse, he subjects all previous knowledge to doubt (Timmons and Shoemaker 284). Thereafter, he strives to cuss whether such knowledge is credible. Skepticism forms an indispe nsable core of critical thinking. Rene Descartes finds that almost all of preexisting knowledge, with elision of mathematical principles, is liable to doubt (Timmons and Shoemaker 284). He arrives at one single idea that the solo thing he cannot question its existence is his very existence. The argument he relays for the proof of his existence is the idea that he thinks. This is because doubt is a form of thought and, therefore, the doubting being is him. The only knowledge that is drop off from doubt is that he thinks. According to him, thinking becomes the item of which he is immediately aware.Apart from this argument, Rene Descartes proved the shortcoming of senses in finding and examining knowledge. In proof of his claim, he uses the example of wax to illustrate the unreliability of senses as a guide to knowledge. He considers characteristics like color, texture and smell to be deceiving. When he watches wax from miscellaneous directions, he records different data about it. He dismisses senses as to rely on sensations to achieve their effect. Sensations are pre-established notions about the appearance of objects. He, then, asserts

Gene therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gene therapy - Essay ExampleCurrently, research is going on for constituent therapy by various approaches in different parts of the world for various diseases like combined immuno-deficiencies, hemophilia, Parkinsons disease, crab louse and even HIV (Verma and Weitzman, 2005). Though element therapy has been under research for the past 2 decades, no individual(a) gene therapy has been approve for clinical use. The main reason for this is safety concerns pertaining to gene therapy trials and treatment. In this essay, various strategies to improver the safety of gene therapy will be discussed through review of suitable literature. Safety issues related to gene therapy atomic number 18 mainly related to the methods employed in gene therapy. There are basically 2 methods of gene therapy and they are ex-vivo therapy and in-vivo therapy. In ex-vivo therapy, gene delivery is done in cells after being remove from the frame (Hecht, 2004). The cells utilise thus are basically grown in the laboratory. The cells are than modified foreign the body and then transplanted back into the body. In some research trials, cells from blood or born aggregate are taken out and cultured in a laboratory. Thereafter, the cells are exposed to the virus with the craved gene. The virus infects the cells and transfers the therapeutic genetic strong into the nucleus of the cells. After this, the cells are injected into the patients body by vein. In in vivo therapy, gene delivery is done in the cells that are still in the body. The simplest method of introducing therapeutic genetic material into the cells is direct introduction into target cells. However, this method is not hardheaded because it can be utilize only with certain tissues and requires large amounts of DNA. Other methods are there wherein the genes are delivered into cells by vectors like viruses or bacteria, by electroporation or tiny synthetic envelopes of naughty molecules (Hecht, 2004). Of these, the most unrema rkably used vector is virus. Vector is the carrier of the gene. Viruses are used as vectors to deliver genetic material to the nucleus of the cell that contains its DNA. The natural ability of a virus to enter a cell is used for this purpose. The viruses used for gene therapy are retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and herpes simplex virus (Genetics residence Reference, 2008). While preparing the vectors for gene therapy, the DNA coding for a part or whole of the normal genes of the virus to be used as a carrier is removed and replaced with the treatment gene. The carriers are engineered in such a steering that there ability to enter the cells is not lost but they cannot reproduce. Genes delivered by tiny synthetic envelopes of fat molecules enter the cell by cell membrane which has very high concentration of fat molecules. In electroporation, the genes are delivered into the cells by creating tiny openings in the cell membrane. This is done by using a bionic chip. The chip contains a single living cell embedded in a tiny ti circuit (Hecht, 2004). Another method of gene therapy is where the therapeutic gene gets inside the target cell by chemically linking the DNA to a molecule that will bind to special cell receptors. After stick to these receptors, the DNA is engulfed by the cell membrane and passed into the interior of the target cell. However, this is less effective than the other methods (Genetics Home R

Personality, Learning, and Communication Styles Term Paper

Personality, Learning, and Communication Styles - Term stem ExampleAllport (cited in Monte, 1995) ordered various singularitys in three hierarchical levels, namely, cardinal trait, central trait and secondary trait. The three hierarchical levels atomic number 18 explained as followsCardinal traits Cardinal traits are referred to certain detail traits which shape and commit a dominating effect on the manners of an individual. Such traits have been hardened by the author at the highest level of the hierarchy and are referred as master traits for controlling individual(prenominal)ity of an individual. However, it is noteworthy that such traits are rare and extreme and butt have an impact so tender that it may completely define an individuals life. Examples of cardinal traits can be greed, altruism and ambition. interchange traits The central traits occupy the second highest level in the trait hierarchy defined by Allport. These characteristics are found in different persons in varying quantity. These traits are referred as common building blocks that have major impact on an individuals behaviour. Examples of central traits can be honesty, dedication, sensitivity and generosity. subaltern traits The secondary traits are placed at the lowest level of the hierarchy and are exhibited under particular(prenominal) circumstances. Secondary traits are largely individualistic with respect to its features. These traits are activated by certain stimuli and can explain the rationale behind certain behavior of an individual that is different from the persons other(a) behaviors. Preference and attitude can be considered as secondary traits (Monte, 1995 Kasschau, 1985).The term learning course indicates towards personal preference of an individual towards gaining knowledge and learning. There are three prominent learning styles that are largely implemented in organizational framework adult learning theory, visual, auditory and kinesthetic (VAK) learning style model and Kolbs experiential learning theory and styles. The paper

Design of Delay Unit Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Design of Delay unit of measurement - Lab Report ExampleThis means that the pin will deliver only 200mA Pin 6 this is the sceptre pin of the chip. This pin detects two thirds of the rail voltage for it to make a LOW declare output only if pin two is in HIGH state. This pin contains a very broad(prenominal) impedance and triggers at about 1uA. A 555 timer based oscillator is a duty tour that generates highly and unresolved free running waveforms. The output frequency of these waveforms female genitalia be adjusted by connecting an RC circuit with whiz capacitor and two resistors. This circuits is a type of the general relaxation oscillator which generates square waveforms that are stable. These waveforms can get down a obdurate frequency of about 500 kHz or it can have trading cycles that are vary from fifty to a hundred percent. Unlike monostable circuits that stops after the pre-set time has elapsed, this oscillator circuit has a re-triggering mechanism achieved by inte rfacing the trigger input pin two and pin six which is the threshold voltage. This makes the device to be an astable oscillator circuit. In the above oscillator circuit, pin two and pin six are attached together. This allows the circuit tio have a self-triggering mechanism in each operating theatre cycle. This makes the circuits operation a free running oscillator. This circuit is also known as voltage-to-frequency converter. This is because its output frequency can be varied by varying the applied input voltage. These waveforms can have a fixed frequency of about 500 kHz or it can have duty cycles that are varying from fifty to a hundred percent.

Rape and sexual assault in deployed military Term Paper

Rape and sexual assault in deployed phalanx - Term Paper ExampleHowever, some senators have taken a bleak view of the moony manner, in which the armed forces deal with such incidents. For instance, Senator Kay Bailey Hitchison wrote to the Air Force Secretary, directing an investigation into 24 cases of coddle of females at the Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas. What was of great significance was that she was apprehensive regarding the manner, in which these cases would be dealt with. In addition, she had serious misgivings about whether the rape victims would obtain justice from these investigations (News in Brief. National , 2004).The US array gives the victims of sexual assault, two choices, in respect of reportage. The first is that of restricted reporting, wherein the assault is brought to the notice of a chaplain, DSARC, UVA or medical provider. such reporting remains uninvestigated or unreported to the next superior officer, in the cooking stove of command. The other opti on provided is that of unrestricted reporting, in which the assault is not reported to any entity of restricted reporting. Such unrestricted reports have to be perforce investigated and brought to the notice of the appropriate authority in the chain of command. at that place is a provision for victims to commence restricted reporting and subsequently change over to unrestricted reporting (Pariante, 2009).The victim obtains the same medical care, irrespective of the mode of reporting. They are provided with treatment that addresses physical injuries, pregnancy or infection with sexually transmitted diseases, pursuant to the sexual assault. In addition, such individuals are also provided with psychiatric assistance to come to terms with emotional effects, like depression, flashbacks, suicidal thoughts and rape trauma syndrome. Many a victim of rape has reported numbness, a dazed feeling, sense of being withdrawn from the surroundings, fear for own(prenominal) safety, humiliation, sh ame and guilt (Pariante,

Sex and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sex and Sexuality - Essay manakinNo good woman should or would explore her sensuality or informality, nor ever imply a informal need. Men too, were expected to conform to gentlemanly ways, not giving in to lust, honoring the purity of their womenfolk. The hypocrisy lies in the fact that these same gentlemen considered it acceptable to use prostitutes, after all, such women were neither Madonna nor virgin, merely tools to simpleness their discomfortBoth pieces of writing are powerful revelations as to how this repressive state affected two men and women. They go far in providing insight into the minds of both sexes as people try to rush with the universal and timeless truth of human sexual urge. Fowles devotes a whole chapter to the matter (Chapter 35). In these pieces, it is almost as though a lid is taken off a shining box, clean and perfect on the outside (the facade of moral priggish society) the truth exposed shows usOn reading Brownings powerful, spectacular monologue, th e words snuff movie came to mind. I read and re-read, then examined it in the light of the Victorian era. present is a lonely, miserable individual, on a rainy, windy night, no fire in him or his surround - then Porphyria comesShe shut out the cold and the stormAnd kneeled and made the cheerless grateBlaze up, and all the cottage warm. (Browning, clienteles 7-9)The actions of then removing her garments, showing him her bare skin, putting his arm around her, all contain elements of subjugation she is corruptive him, behaving like a prostitute, not the lady she is.And spread over all, her yellow hair,Murmuring how she love me. (Browning, Lines 20-21)... She shut out the cold and the stormAnd kneeled and made the cheerless grateBlaze up, and all the cottage warm. (Browning, Lines 7-9)The actions of then removing her garments, showing him her bare skin, putting his arm around her, all contain elements of seduction she is teasing him, behaving like a prostitute, not the lady she is.A nd spread over all, her yellow hair,Murmuring how she loved me. (Browning, Lines 20-21)He thinks she is too proud or concerned with another to give herself to him, but she does.But passion sometimes would prevail. (Browning, Line 25)I confess that in reading the following lines, I considered Porphyria to be behaving in an overtly sexual manner and the meaning translates to me that her love is sexually aroused, not just surprised but shocked and fairly disgusted.So, she was come through wind and rain.Be sure I looked up at her eyeball able and proud at last I knewPorphyria worshipped me surpriseMade my heart swell, and still it grew eyepatch I debated what to do. (Browning, Lines 29-34)I would contend that not only his heart swelled, seeing her happy and proud eyes and the physical effect on him, her wanton behavior, caused him to either respond in deep disgust at both of them, or3.made him lose his sanity at the horror of what they were doing. Put in the context of Victorian moral ity, these two are committing a grievous sin against society and God. She has become like a whore, a temptress, and the cause of his downfall, so he must punish her, remove the cause of his guilt. Porphyria has dared to express and act upon her sexuality doing so has destroyed her lovers illusions, even

Navy Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Navy Insurance - Essay ExampleThe recent rise in costs of operating marine trade and business through losses suffered through plagiarization has necessitated players in the industry of marine business to invest in the piracy insurance policies. According to UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea), piracy is a multifaceted issue and takes cognition of all illegal act of postponement violence as well as depredation that is directed towards ship or persons, or unconstipated cargo on board of the ship on the high seas. With the rise in piracy risks in the high seas, the emerging trend has been the insurance brokers offering marine insurance against piracy at actually high premiums as compared to other risk premiums in the 21st century marine business. In particular, the premiums on offer depend on the routes of voyage, as the insurers are aware of the most affected regions by piracy such as the east African shores especially within the shoreline of Somali. Besides, t he international community has invested notably in deploying military personnel to aid in restoring normalcy in the areas facing such challenges of piracy action though this has had little effect in influencing the premiums concerning insurance against piracy. Nevertheless, an emerging trend reveals efforts by insurance companies to descent operations by specialized naval ships, which are specially designed and made to have the essential equipments as well as machinery that would be used to escort cargo ships across the piracy risk prone areas at relatively minimal costs.

Principle of Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principle of Accounting - Essay ExampleThe responsibility of ontogenesis marketing strategies for GM with the objective of increasing the product sales lies with the sales and marketing division of the phoner. This plane section of the company has been performing well recently. However it has failed to implement required modern marketing strategies to be suitable to successfully tap many of the unoccupied markets worldwide.The services related to testing of products of the company are carried on by its quality assurance plane section. This department has not been successful in developing good kind with rest of the departments of the company in relation to the reduction of mishaps caused due to inferior vehicle quality. However, it has always been promised to the client regarding high quality of the products. This problem can be reduced through proper coordination of the quality department with the other departments of GM.The accounts department of the company is held accountable for all the finance related activities carried on by the firm. Recently, fewer financial problems have crept up in the company which has contributed towards it being bankrupt. The major weakness was the top mark of the department being two in number. However this issue has been resolved considerably through ruffle of those positions in the company (Canis, & Yacobucci, 2010, p.27). Similarly, the company can take the help of other financial consultancy firms so as to boost the accountability of the department.GM was reported to have some issues related to its bankruptcy recently in the year 2009 and it came up in news as well (Economist, 2009). It is mainly attributed towards the alteration of the financial results of the company which paved the way for the department of accounting of GM to represent false picture of its financial position. This fraudulence of the financial figures in the financial statements of the firm along with other errors in accounting that were present in the company records

Explore to what extent the concept of motherhood is constructed Essay

explore to what extent the concept of maternalism is constructed - Essay ExampleThose studies particularly show that the most widely reliable notions about gestation be not innate in women and women were not actually born to forgather those roles.To understand how the conventional views on motherhood came to be, it is important to study first what whirl is. After which, the construction of motherhood will be studied. Studying motherhood construction is necessary in determining what a good and self-aggrandising mother is. It is likewise important to study these notions about good and bad motherhood and to highlight that those notions are dependent on social contexts.The conventional views on motherhood are uncomplete innate nor universal. They were a product of divergent social factors. The creation of these views is called motherhood construction. Several studies have been do in the past few decades concerning the construction of motherhoodits nature, the factors involved i n it, and its psychological and social set up on women.A review of literature concerning motherhood shows a consensus among studies that motherhood is socially constructed. For instance, Woodward (1997) noted that different social, cultural, ethnical, and economic factors tend to create their own models of motherhood. This view is supported by Klee, Jackson, and Lewis (2002) who found that the definitions of good motherhood are neither constant nor universal. Since the construction of motherhood is already well-accepted, the main concern now is to square off the extent to which motherhood is constructed. This study focuses the nature of motherhood construction and the dominant views on good and bad motherhood.The most dominant view of a good mother is that of a woman who is at the expert age and is engaged in a stable heterosexual relationship (Unger, 2004, p.182). On the other hand, mothers who are single, Black, young, working-class, and in lesbian

Concepts of Culture and Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concepts of Culture and Society - Research Paper ExampleThere are divergent elements of grow and social forces that continuously influence us as an individual in society. These elements not only differentiate us from people belonging to other cultures but also help us stick to our canonical values and traditions. Some of the most important elements of culture and social forces influencing us include language, values, religion, social organization, and arts and literature.Values are the cultural standards, which help us determine what is right and what is wrong whereas norms are the rules of a culture, which tell us how to birth in a society. either culture has its own norms and values, which distinguish people from one another.Language helps us communicate our feelings to other people around us. People speaking the same language usually share a common culture. However, in some societies people speak different languages due to different cultural backgrounds. This element of c ulture makes a person identified as a person belonging to some specific culture.Social organization is another basic element of a culture. Social organization refers to the collection of institutions, social groups, classes, and social forces such as family and relatives, which form a society. Every individual has different social grouping and class in a society, which distinguishes him or her from other individuals active in a society.Socialization is a very complex process, which helps a person think and behave according to what is considered worthy (Berns, 2010, p. 12). Socializing agents such as family, school, peer groups, engine room, workplace, religion, and state influence us as individuals in a society.The social views, political views, and social norms and values portrayed by the mass media and technology put a deep impact on the thoughts of every individual distinguishing him or her from other individuals.piece of work is another socializing

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment Essay

Capsim Organization and militant Environment - Essay ExampleThe musical arrangement has also embarked on a massive marketing design which has helped in creating awareness of the business to the market. The organization has a wide market coverage comprising of not sole(prenominal) students but business men all over the world. This has made it the global leader in growth and delivering business tips to practicing and aspiring business people on how to run profitable businesses (Hersey & Blanchard, 1974). This paper will retread Capsim as an organization and its competitive environment.The organization has an enormous investment especially technologically. This is extremely risky especially with the changing dynamic of technology. The business calls for large expenses to cater for its operations and the costs get transferred to consumers making it unaffordable to many. The organization has complied with all regulatory procedures.Contingency theory states that there is no known best right smart of backcloth up an organizational structure. Contingency theory argues that the solution to any managerial problem is dependent on the factors that affect a situation. The theory suggests that effective managerial techniques get influenced by the tasks the organization is striving to get hold of (Barney, 1985). Contingency theory attempts to equip managers with the capabilities to provide possible solutions to a business challenge. The theory explains that the best way to set up a company is dependent on the present internal and external factors confront the business. Some of these factors include customers, suppliers, government and technology. The theory attempts to develop a strategy that can address environmental uncertainties and challenges facing the business effectively and efficiently. The theory has sort to generalize formal structures that fit the use of different technologies.The contingency theory explains that the successful application of a tool or te chnique in single setting may have no influence in another. The theory

Strategy Management in Small Export Business of China Dissertation

schema Management in Small Export Business of China - Dissertation Exampleissertation would include the components of the miscellaneous small business firms of China, their analysis from the strategic perspective, framing research questions for the survey, conducting a survey based on the industry, evaluating the findings obtained from the survey, drawing the conclusion and suggesting appropriate recommendations for the issues faced by the industry. Additionally the study aims at investigating the substance of internal and external business forces for small export enterprise in southeastern parts of china, and go out inescapably aim at analyzing these small businesss successes and failure from the strategic management outdoor stage during the epoch completion 1980 to 2012. 1.2 Background of this study China is a significantly developing country and because China waste vast market environment, as a result there are split of impertinent companies to enter the Chinese marke t. These foreign capital enterprises within the original industry remains monopolized by small, medium, state-owned enterprises which lead to the strong impact of Chinas state-owned enterprises in some industries. In addition, international competition has developed in the Chinese market gradually. At the same time, Chinas domestic competition has also contributed to the globalization of market competition. Therefore, at present the production and operation of Chinas small enterprises have to experience and face international competition. Over the preliminary 2 decades, the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of China have foregone through more or less 3 development stages, together with the expansion of Chinas improvement and establishment. The first stage was from the time period 1978 to the year 1992. This era had been characterized by the development of SMEs in scale and... The study aims at investigating the significance of internal and external business forces for s mall export enterprise in south-eastern parts of China, and will inevitably aim at analyzing these small businesss successes and failure from the strategic management standpoint during the time period 1980 to 2012. China is a significantly developing country and therefore China has a broad market environment, as a result, there are lots of foreign companies to enter the Chinese market. These foreign capital enterprises within the original industry remain monopolized by small, medium, state-owned enterprises which lead to the strong impact of Chinas state-owned enterprises in some industries. In addition, international competition has developed in the Chinese market gradually. At the same time, Chinas domestic competition has also contributed to the globalization of market competition. Therefore, at present, the production and operation of Chinas small enterprises have to experience and face international competition. Over the earlier 2 decades, the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of China have gone through more or less three development stages, together with the expansion of Chinas improvement and establishment. The first stage was from the time period 1978 to the year 1992. This era had been characterized by the development of SMEs in scale and number. This was the result of the governments support for and encouragement of the formation of collective, self-employed and township enterprises.

Religious Education Learning Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

sacred Education Learning Package - Essay ExampleWith such deliberations of the beliefs and practices advocated for during the Rosh Hashanah festival, it is apparent that, this marks a achievement of purifying oneself for the rest of the year. In addition, since the season is marked with several prayers, fasting and repenting, it reminds every Jew to abide by the Jewish beliefs and practices (Jacobs, 1987). In light of this, it is critical to focus on the beliefs and practices of Jews that make them repent so that they chiffonier have a good and sweet year ahead. In this regard, the concern is the relevance of beliefs and practices exhibited in the Rosh Hashanah festival, which culminates the military rating of oneself in regard to their adherence to the beliefs and practices of Jews for the previous year. Therefore, the Rosh Hashanah festival could be argued to detail the overall beliefs and practices of Jews. This is in lineage with what Segal (2009) pointed out that, formal p rayers guide Jews and their beliefs and practices. The following learning package aims at enlightening year 8 students with lessons designed to give insights to Jewish beliefs and practices. ... The first reading material is Essential Judaism A Complete organize to Beliefs, Customs & Rituals, a bear by George Robinson (Robinson, 2003). Robinson highlights the importance of Jewish beliefs and practices, which are put into practice by means of various festivals. The festivals are symbolic interaction between Jews and God. In Rosh Hashana, Jews recite prayers. Robinson argues that prayer is at the means of Jewish prayer, God listens to them. In order to elicit a clear understanding of such an command from the text, students would be requested to review the assertion, which is further elaborated by Robinson to mean that prayer is part of conversation between man and God. In this regard, the students would be required to explain what they take of the assertion in intercourse to th e understanding of Rosh Hashana prayers. A set of questions would be used to develop a discussion of whether the students believed that a prayer acted a means of communication between Jews and God, and whether what Jews believe in their Rosh Hashanah prayer is actually fulfilled by God. Some of the verbs used in driving points home from the book involve requesting students to read specific chapters and sentences of the book that emphasizes on the Jewish beliefs and practices in regard to the Rosh Hashanah festival. This would ensure that the students clearly understand the content of the book. In addition, students would be required to quote some sentences and phrases from the book that supports their arguments during discussions. A validation of their Jewish beliefs and practices would also be intensify through reading the following sentence from Woodhead, (2002, p. 128) the

Sport Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sport precept - Essay ExampleIndividuals do not exist in a nutshell they interact, relate, and behave in item manners which eventually affect their health.The schools curriculum should include subjects which promote health and somatogenic command by means of sports to enforce correct behavioral patterns at a young age and continue this positive backup until adulthood. Therefore, health promotion and physical education in the schools through sport education is of critical importance. The mark of this research paper is to consider the potential barriers to fully implementing the sport education framework into the delivery of physical education (PE) in the UK, making particular reference to ones school sport experiences. physiological education is a mandatory course promoting physical operation and sports mostly from grades 1 to 6. The objectives of physical education classes are teaching to ensure physical fitness, promoting regular exercises, and presenting nutrition and health subjects. In some conventional schools, however, physical education incorporates sports only as a minor endeavor with limited sports skills being honed.In this regard, Daryl Siedentop conceived the incorporation of sports education in Ohio State Universitys curriculum with the purpose of educating children in the fullest sense, and to help reveal competent, literate, and enthusiastic sportspeople (Siedentop, 1994, 4) (Penney, Clarke, Quill & Kinchin, 2005, 5). The objective of SE is that students will be supported in developing the skills, fellowship and understanding to progress their own and others learning, their participation in physical activity and sport, and their enjoyment of it, within and outside(a) of the physical education curriculum. Finally, Sport Education endeavours to locate learning experiences and participation in physical activity and sport in the wider social,

Performance management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Performance charge - Assignment ExampleHowever it is also found that most of the surgical procedure management frame and the motion management processes and the performance management systems argon tiring in their processes. Performance management system requires managers to go with the employees to a room in a yearly performance management review. The worst problem with performance management system is that the problem lies with ones performance being reviewed by another person. Pulakos and OLeary (2011) charter the formula for effective performance management remains elusive. Performance management system is not public and actually every company and organization should have a performance management system that is singular to the organization characteristics and applies to the unique problem that the organization faces. However the problem with most models of performance management is that they are defined on a universal basis. The paper below analyzes the statement given by P ulakos and OLeary in context of the performance management and tries to address the challenges in an effective manner.Performance management is the process that is designed so as to improve organizational, team and individual performance that is in turn owned and compulsive by the line managers. According to Lawler there is a large no. of design features which can potentially influence the effectiveness of a performance management system. Many of the different performance management system are studied empirically so as to study the impact of the performance management systems. The seek in this field shows that the effectiveness of the performance management increases when there is consistent and ongoing feedback. The behaviour base measures are normally used so that preset goals are employed. It is reasonable to argue that when the outcomes of performance assessment are tied to the rewards the performance management system will

McWane, Inc. Essay Example for Free

McWane, Inc. EssayMcWane, Inc. is a privately held company based in Birmingham, Ala., which owns localises across the realm and Canada and who is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of cast iron sewer and water pipe (McWane Mess). From 1995-2003, McWane plants, in the U.S., had 4,600 role player injuries (complete blood count News). The company was similarly cited for more than 400 gumshoe violations and 450 environ handstal violations during that same period (Barstow, Foundry). Tyler Pipe, one of McWanes plants, was described by one its workers. He said it was a dim, dirty, hellishly hot place where men are regularly disfigured by amputations and burns, where turnover is so high that convicts are recruited from local prisons, where somewhat workers urinate in their pants because their bosses refuse to let them step away from the manufacturing line for even a few moments (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). A federal investigation began in January 2003, which was the same mon th The New York propagation published a series of articles that described McWane as one of the nations most persistent violators of workplace sentry go and environmental laws (Barstow, Foundry).CAUSESRoot organisational causes and regulatory weakness factors contributed to the McWane soil. The structure at McWane contributed to the outrage because it was one of the get-go organizational causes. McWane Inc. is a privately held organization where the family and a few close individuals run it. The family is described as mysterious and very private (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). Executives and family members extractedly decline interview requests and rarely talk to the media (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). In 2007, of McWanes cardinal divisions, still two included McWane in the name (Wisniewski). Even though McWanes divisions were places where the desperate test work (Barstow and Bergman, Texas), society did not hold the right people accountable. Many individuals do not far e McWane is connected because the plant names rarely reflect their owner.Without interviews, the fact that it is a private company, and that it keeps its name morose new divisions, McWane lacks transparency to help keep it accountable. The seclusion and privacy of the family makes it seem as though they stand by out of the public eye for a reason. McWanes organizational culture was also a root cause that contributed to the outrage. One phrase was posted throughout the plants and was posted in large orange move REDUCE MAN HOURS PER TON (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). This phrase created a culture that drove all aspects of the McWane companies. McWane was not the dress hat place to work. In fact, there were times when turnover was 100 percent at one plant (The McWane Mess). High turnover is one measure of the culture at McWane and it says how employees fit into that culture.The high turnover was distressful and not normal for the industry. Acipco, a direct industry competitor, ha d a yearly turnover of around half(prenominal) a percent (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). The organizational culture that focused on one key phrase proceed into work shifts. There were two 12-hour shifts instead of the normal three shifts of eight hours. At the end of a shift, supervisors often called for four more hours of work. Therefore, employees worked 16-hour days, sometimes seven days a week (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). Leadership was also a root organizational cause. McWane never developed a system to hold supervisors accountable for precaution however, their system for holding supervisors accountable for production downtime (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). Federal rules require conveyor belts be shut make for maintenance.They also require that all belts have arctic guards. The rules are important because they help prevent workers from world caught and crushed. In one instance, inspectors discovered that a belt break both of those rules (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). This negligence contributed to one of the cardinal deaths that occurred at McWane divisions from 1995-2003 (Barstow and Bergman, Deaths). Leaders in the company gave orders that were in clear violation of laws. Another example of leadership was what to do with 200 old tires. It would have cost about $750 to have them brought to a waste dump. However, documents show that a plant manager ordered the tires be burned, even though he had been notified burning tires violated air-quality laws (Barstow and Bergman, Texas). The managers like the one above were partially victim to those higher up.The leadership style at McWane was clearly a go down approach. One plant manager stated, I was like a robot. every(prenominal) that mattered was getting machines moving again after an accident (The McWane Mess). One risk manager says that a top down approach creates a disconnection between plant managers and executives. He also explains that this disconnection increases in privately held companies d ue to a lack of accountability (The McWane Mess). OSHAs regulatory and oversight weakness contributed to the McWane sfannydal. At the time, the laws in place were not severe enough detour McWane from committing them.At the time of the scandal, the crime, of wilfully violating safety rules that cause the death of a worker, was a misdemeanor. That crime was a less serious than harassing a raging burro on federal lands, which was punishable by up to one year in prison (Barstow and Bergman, Deaths). The fines McWane had to make up for violations were lower than the cost of having the machines down due to implementing and following safety regulations. A McWane executive confessed that Tyler Pipe had willfully ignored workplace safety laws, a crime that caused the death of a worker.The company only stipendiary a $250,000 fine (The McWane Mess). OSHA let off McWane through payments and it did not do more to ensure the safety of workers in McWane plants. Weak labor union oversight also p layed a role in contributing to the scandal. The labor unions that represented McWane workers were usually small and overwhelmed with cases. The unions had no bargaining power because they were small, so they could not effectively protect their workers from low wages, hours per shift, or dangerous environments. A United Steelworkers union official try to tour Tyler Pipe with a safety and health specialist but had been rejected twice (The McWane Mess).CONSEQUENCESMcWane scandal had widespread consequences. Those consequences affected the company as well as the environment and manager at the plants. The scandal produced financial woes and a tainted reputation for McWane. McWane was ordered to pay $19 million in fines and return key in 2006 (Barstow, Foundry). In addition, McWane was ordered to pay $8 million in fines for dozens of workplace safety and environmental crimes in 2009 (Barstow, Iron Pipe). The fines that McWane had to pay were substantially more than any other fines it ha d previously received. The McWane scandal also greatly affected the environment. As stated before, McWane had over 450 environmental violations (Barstow, Foundry).One of those incidents, the burnt tires, caused toxins to be released directly into the air. Another incident that McWane was charged with was illegally dumping oil into the Atlantic Ocean. McWane had dumped so more oil that it created an 8.5-mile-long slick (Barstow and Bergman, Familys). Lastly, the McWane scandal affected the lives of those managers who were charged criminally. Four McWane plant managers were convicted or pled guilty to committing environmental crimes (United States v. Atlantic). These people took risks that ended in tarnished reputations, criminal records, jail time, and hefty fines.PREVENTIONPrevention is key so that scandals, like McWane, do not happen again. One preventative step is that the government has set stronger penalties for companies who repeatedly violate safety and environmental laws. Th e government has also set out better guidelines to prosecute repeat offenders (Barstow, wicked Verdicts).Another preventative measure is that OSHA is looking to increase its criminal enforcement arm. In four years, OSHA only sent 21 percent of eligible cases to the Department of Justice, and the DOJ acted on 4 percent (McGarity et al). If OSHA can increase its force, it can ensure the safety of more workers. The increased force would be a obstructer for companies, because the chances of it being charged would increase.One last way to prevent other scandal is to have the albumen House and Congress step up (McGarity et al). If these two groups could work together and provide OSHA with a big budget, OSHA could then improve everything that they do. It all comes down to the fact that OSHA is there for the people, but with a small budget, they cannot do the best job possible.Works CitedBarstow, David, and Lowell Bergman. At a Texas Foundry, an Indifference to Life. The New York Times 8 Jan. 2003. Print. Barstow, David, and Lowell Bergman. Deaths on the Job, Slaps on the Wrist. The New York Times 10 Jan. 2003. Print. Barstow, David, and Lowell Bergman. Familys Profits, Wrung From Blood and Sweat. The New York Times 9 Jan. 2003. Print. Barstow, David. Foundry Pleads Guilty to Environmental Crimes. The New York Times 23 Mar. 2005. Print. Barstow, David. Guilty Verdicts in New Jersey Worker-Safety Trial. The New York Times 27 April 2006. Print. Barstow, David. Iron Pipe Maker Is Fined $8 Million for Violations. The New York Times 25 Apr. 2009. Print. CBC News The Fifth Estate A Toxic Company The Canadian Connection. CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 8 Jan. 2003. Web. McGarity, Thomas, Rena Steinzor, Sidney Shapiro, and Matthew Shudtz. Workers at Risk Regulatory Dysfunction at OSHA. The Center for Progressive Reform. Feb. 2010. Web. The McWane Mess. ISHN Magazine. BNP Media, 11 Feb. 2010. Web. United States v. Atlantic States Cast Iron Pipe Company Et Al. Fact Sheet. EPA.E nvironmental Protection Agency, 9 June 2011. Web.Wisniewski, Barbara J. The McWane Story. McWane, 2012. Print.

Management of Information System Essay Example for Free

Management of Information System EssaySupply chain focusing is the general, strategic interaction of the business functions within a particular firm and throughout businesses within the generate chain with the aim of improving the long-term performance of individual firm and the supply chain as a whole. The functions of logistics are key operating elements of a firm that need design and management lovable with corporate strategy and changing competitive scenarios. The functions of purchasing focus on various processes such as contract writing, buying, demand homework,budgeting, supplier base and vendor management, and guest relationships. A firm may achieve an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in order to automate its inventory management as well as sales and order process, including the related approval process. The ERP system is an extension of manufacturing resource planning and material requirements planning (MRP) systems, which link a firms demand face with it s supply side by categorizing demand into requirements for components and parts.The ERP system provides a complete set of supply chain functionalities, including the planning and effectuation of marketing activities, inventory and shop floor management and the potential of authorizing ordering and receiving to the end-user. It has also the capability of network integration and enterprise application integration through customized interfaces and XML. Customer relationship management analytics are able of determining the potential of marketing campaigns, projecting customer trends, identifying unprofitable clients, up-sellopportunities and clients who are likely to defect, measuring the effectiveness of incentive programs to meet overall sales goals, monitoring the performance of the sales staff, distributing resources in terms of customer needs and value, analyzing the cost-to-service ratio per client segment, and delivering the more suitable levels of customer service. Reference .Themistocleous, Marinos (2005). Enterprise Resource be after and Enterprise Application Integration. United Kingdom Emerald Publishing Limited.

Tutorial Response Essay Example for Free

Tutorial reception EssayWeek 6Referring to Christopher Pierson discussion of Offes work up, explain the three management crises of the KWS.Offe (1984) points bulge turn step to the fore that the contribute Keynesian Welf be System is a form of crisis management however within the system be three management crises the issue of sustaining the funding for the upkeep of the social upbeat system, and so the issue of administrative ownership were it battles between providing humane wellbeing programs and the issue of accountability. Lastly the issue of popular distrust of the evokes proclivity to encourage themes who it wants too quite an than helping all citizens in contract. 2. Marginson discusses securities industry liberals ( peeled Right) views on the failures of the KWS and their proposals for addressing them. relieve their views.The market liberals express that KWS failed because the political relation had too such(prenominal)(prenominal) s substance over the prudence of the country. They felt that too much outlay of the government had distorted the market big businessmans of the economy. The full employment logic is damaging to the market since it distorts the truth nearly unemployment rates but is harmful to the scotch market. They constitute recommended that the government remove all of its regulation laws passing the business sector.3. tally to Paul Pierson, why has it been difficult for the New Right in the 1970-80s to achieve their retrenchment goals?Although neo-liberals were gaining ground in that period, the retrenchment goals were not fully achieved because although the costs for keeping the well-being system racetrack was too high, it was not possible for the government to reform its welfare programs as it was met with widespread disapproval. Voters were found to be averse of pay cuts and welfare marginalizing than they were of possible equivalent gains if reforms of welfare program was carried out.Week 7Accordi ng to Mishra, globalisation is an economic phenomenon impelled by politics and ideology (p.1). Explain his closeing.Globalisation is an economic force that is brought about by neo-liberal politics and ideology. This means that the neo-liberals watch supported free market liberalization and driven by the ideology of minimum government carry over the economy of the nation lands the liberal thinkers project a global market. Globalisation extended the capitalism of major countries and city democracys to the international market where it is little watchled by either national government.2. According to Kennet, what are the main(prenominal) be features of the post-KWS economy?The main defining features of post-KWS economy are the decline in manufacturing and assembly lines, increases in service of process employment, the concentration of economic control by multinational firms and financial institutions, substantial change in the patterns of state interventions and reorienta tion of the welfare state, the elusion of pay-outs and stricter welfare qualifications. As well as the obsolescence of full employment and the dismissal of Keynesian policies on the economic market.3. What does she mean by the hollowing out of the nation state in relation to economic globalisation?Hollowing out means that due to economic globalisation the nation state set about become slight of a major player, it implies that the authority of the nation state to govern economic forces have become littleer in contrast to major cities that have outcomen on initiation city functions and become centers of economic, social and hea so developments. Moreover, the nation states important economic functions and political power to trade and negotiate in the international arena have been lessened or eased out.4. According to Brietenfeller, what are some of the arguments in favour of economic globalisation?Economic globalisation has led to the increase of prosperity in much of the world, the exchange of goods and services and international capital have encouraged the growth of the business sector, in that respectby change to the growth of the economy in certain countries. With globalisation is in like manner the widespread exchange of technology that has make it possible for countries to trade and market their services and goods unencumbered by state regulations.What problems doe he watch out arising from it?The greatest problem with economic globalisation is that it encourages stiff competition among a number of countries in harm of labour and capital, thus a country that offers less costs for labour to multinational companies would inbredly crush the contract, and if multinational companies do not agree with state regulations they can always take their plants to cheaper countries. The end consequence is that globalisation results in job losses and income contrast.Week8Downes is a conservative liberal writing in the 1970s. What does he mean by separating the planning and procurement of public services from their take and delivery?Downes argued that the government should take the role of separating the planning and procurement of public services from their production and delivery. This means that he trusts that the government could work more efficiently if it narrows its focus and distil on planning and procuring of public services which it does best and then assign the production and delivery of public services to unavowed entities who can do it better and would be more cost efficient to the state.2. What does Brennan mean by separating steering from quarrel?By steering, Brennan means reservation policy decisions while rowing is the direct-service delivery of public services. When he says separating steering from rowing, he means that the government should do the steering because it is better and more effective in doing so. The division of these functions would enable the government to concentrate on what they are better at, looking for and raising revenues and planning for social programs that the citizens would benefit from.3. McGuire discusses contracting out of public services and service delivery contracts for the public sector. To what kinds of developments is she referring?McGuire asserts that contracting out of public services and service delivery contracts for the public sector leave behind answer the need of the government to transition from post Keynesian systems to neoliberalism. She says that contracting will result to competition that improves the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery it in addition defines what services to be delivered and it facilitates the blurring of traditional boundaries between public and private sectors.In what ways can these developments be understood as steering not rowing by the state?Neoliberalism calls for the abolishment of government control over the economy, they believe that true economic prosperity waited on a true and free market. By contracting out public services, the government is basically concerned with policy decisions making steering such as what services should be contracted out, what performance goals to measure etc, while the same act is rowing because the government awards contracts to private groups to deliver public services.How does Harvey characterise neoliberalism?Harvey defines neoliberalism as a political and economic scheme that posits that item-by-items can only attain progress if the state grants its individual citizens the right to entrepreneurial freedom wherein the state must create laws that protect property rights, establish free markets and free trade. Aside from which, neoliberalism does not esteem of state intervention and governance over the business sector as well as the encourage of welfare dependency.Week 9According to Ransome, what distinguishes post-Fordism from Fordism?Post-Fordism is characterized by the belief in the sovereign consumer which has the power to impose th e market forces, what the market provides is based on what the consumer wants and demand. It is also seen as the emergence of personalized bearing-styles and the withdrawal of individuals into their private worlds. On the capitalist side, owners and means of production begun to implement organizational changes to accommodate the changing consumer profile.According to Ransome, what is the connection between the flexible firm, flexible production, and the core-periphery structure of the labour force?Flexible firms are capitalist enterprises that are structured to accommodate organizational changes and production methods around the model of flexible specialization, wherein it can change the size of the workforce, redeployed to different tasks to meet the changes of consumer demands which are accommodated by the retaining of highly skilled workers (core) and transiently employed workers (periphery). Flexible production is the availability of new production methods and the ability to produce specialized goods by flexible firms.3. According to Walters, what is the deduction of neo-liberal notions of the active cabaret to labour market policy?The active society seeks to make all individuals workers. It is plan of as a solution to the problem of the welfare state. In the welfare state, those who are on welfare are called inactive and contribute to the shortage of labour. If all individuals capable of getting paid work will be available in the market labour then there will be less need for state policies to protect or serve workers. Active individuals would lead to faster economic hazard and combat poverty.What concerns does Combet raise in relation to the current Federal Governments workplace agenda?Combet argues that the workplace agenda is a radical plan that will strip every Australian worker the right to hook up with unions and to collectively bargain with management to improve worker welfare. Then it also removes any protection from partial dismissal wit hout any right to representation. The plan also proposes to abolish the no disadvantage test and step in it with streamlined conditions that is a disadvantage for every worker.According to Leonard, what is the difference between Fordism and Post-Fordism?Leonard says that Fordism is a period where technical innovation was minimal, organizations were bureaucratic in structure, and workers joined mass unions and wage bargaining was centralized and welfare was like for all as such it was a period wherein everyone thought and was treated alike. Post-Fordism on the other yield is a direct opposite of Fordism although it leaned more to the development of individual choices, specialization and independent thinking.Week 101. According to Williams, what is the main features neo-liberal of public sector reform?Neoliberals argue that government spending on welfare programs is too excessive and hence should be regulated. Any reform to the public sector should include cracking public spending and taxes, government should sell its business enterprises to private corporations, contracting out the delivery of services, creating markets out of monopolistic public or private industries and deregulating industries. This would enable the government to focus more on what it should essentially do.2. Williams refers to the responsibilisation of individuals as market players(p.250). What does he mean and why does he consider it a problem?Responsibilisation of individuals as market players to Williams mean that citizens of the state now become individualistic in their pursuit of needs and interests in a state that is structured as a marketplace. The problem with this is it encourages the rich to resort to arrangements just to themselves and to disregard any obligation for the collective good. The poor however have no choice and have to contend to what is available to them.3. According to Mendes, what are the five main concerns neoliberals hold regarding the welfare state?The main concerns of neoliberals regarding the welfare state is that the welfare state is captured by interest groups for their own purpose, it also deregulates the labour market since it preserves minimum wages and deny disadvantaged workers access to jobs. It also encourages welfare dependency, it also does not make any distinction between the undeserving and deserving poor and it reduced private individuals ability to contribute to charities of their own choice.Rodger suggests there is a new moral economy of welfare. What does he mean by this?According to Rodger, the new moral economy of welfare means that individuals rather than society will carry the primary obligation to meet their own welfare needs in the future. He acknowledges that there is a relationship between the complex institutional provisions of health and welfare in contemporary society and the nature of social consciousness. The moral fabric of welfare will then be concentrated on preparing individuals to provide themselves with a comfortable future.Week 11Moss argues that the Mutual pledge Scheme is morally flawed because the unemployed have little choice about their contract and there is insufficiently mutuality shown towards the unemployed, and that the Scheme is accordingly essentially punitive.1. According to Moss, what is the Mutual responsibleness Scheme and what is new about it?The Mutual Obligation Scheme is based on the premise that those who depend on the community for long periods should go through something back to the community that supports them. It is also made up of the die for the Dole 2000 which refers to the obligations of the unemployed in terms of what they can give back in exchange of the help they were receiving like providing services to the local community.2. What is the moral backside of Mosss argument?Moss argues that receiving welfare and being cause to give something in exchange for it is not morally binding. Those on welfare are there because they cannot bob up wo rk through no fault of their own. public assistance is supposed to be a service that the state owes it citizens and should not be dealt with as a business and hence it is not obligation binding.The title of Mendess article is the phrase Blaming the Victim the new scandalize on welfare state. 3. What does this phrase mean?The phrase means that the reforms on the welfare state were designed to abolish the services that assist the less fortunate and able because it punishes the victims of poverty and disadvantaged for their own fate and to deprive them of the right to assistance. The welfare state existed because of poor people who are lazy and are blamed for the excessive spending of the state which should have been channeled to more necessary services.What evidence does Mendes provide?Mendes have cited a number of evidences that have led him to believe that the poor is blamed for the welfare state. There is the published critique of the welfare state by the New Right there is the d ob in a dole bludger campaign which in essence denigrates the poor with its fictitious character to dole. Those who are unemployed are also forced to keep a dole diary and a review of the Young Homeless Allowance.Week 12Llewellen states that the triad World has been created it is in no way primal or natural. What is the basis of his argument?Llewellwn states that the Third World is not a natural occurrence it is a label developed by the prototypal World to designate underdeveloped countries as such. But this designation is a function more of its place in relation to the First world rather than a natural occurrence. Third world countries are underdeveloped because they do not have the same expert advancements as the First world. Third Worldism evolved out of the military, political and economic expansion of the First worlds.2. Hoogvelt argues that economic globalisation is another phase of the imperialist exploitation of the Third World by the go on world (western/industrialise d nations). Explain the basis of her argument.Hoogvelt says that economic globalisation had allowed the advanced world to manipulate the economy of third worlds by imposing on them measures that are beneficial to the first world, the labour divisions that limited the Third world into providing the raw materials, producing and exporting unprocessed commodities to the first world, the profits that the first world gets out from technological rents and the global expansion of capitalists to third worlds are all imperialistic in nature.3. Amin argues that most discourses of contemporary (economic) globalisation present this phenomenon as a kind of natural law, thus marginalising any understanding of the social, political and economic factors which bring it into being. Briefly outline the major points of Amins argument.Globalisation accordingly has been perceived as a natural law thereby it has taken off as a natural occurrence. It is a phenomenon that has been brought about by the interd ependence of contemporary societies that allowed the deploying of economic dimensions on a world scale. It is founded on historic social compromises between nations and defined within the framework of political states, those who have greater power and resources control the global market.Brietenfeller argues in favour of global unionism. What difficulties stand in the way of workers solidarity between sum (west/industrialised) and South (Third World/developing) unions?Global unionism has been sought by many as an answer to the ine type of the conditions and wages of workers all over the world. But there has been strong opposition against the international worker organizations because states revere that it would lead to trade union imperialism, hence policies and reforms to recognize them have been ignored by the state. Factional differences within the group also exist and limit their collective representation in the world trade.Week 131. Referring to Esping-Anderson (2002) and Per kins, Nelms and Smyth (2005) Explain social practicement in your own words.Social investment is a concept that encompasses the states responsibility to invest in its human resources. It is seen that in order for the state to gain economic progress it has to design and give services that would benefit its human capital. It means that the government provide for the education, training and protection of its citizens that would prepare them to go in in the labour market. Social investment would also necessitate the drawing up of social policies that would place government spending on programs and services that will generate the best outcome for the economy and society like making sure that roads and facilities that would enable the exchange of goods and trades are well kept and in excellent condition.2. Esping-Anderson suggests that social justice should be an important facet of social investment. What is the proposed moral basis of social investment to which Esping-Anderson refers?S ocial justice is the moral basis of social investment it means that any action directed towards developing the states human capital should conform to the normative interpretation of justice of the culture. Hence providing opportunities for education and training to enable its citizen to participate in the labour market should be founded on equal opportunities, wherein anything that is beneficial to some should be beneficial to all.The state should also develop life skills for all kinds of people, basic social services should be rooted on the principle of equality and justice. However, anteriority should be given to those who are the weakest in the state and their welfare would be safeguarded. Social justice also dictates the rules for making choices and selecting priorities on what form of social investment should be given like a the need for having a healthy and educated workforce would take precedence over the need for developing heathenish awareness.ReferencesPearson, C. 1998. Beyond the upbeat State, 2nd, Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Pp. 56-81Marginson, S. 1997. Educating Australia. Government, Economy and Citizen since 1960, Oakleigh, Melbourne Cambridge University Press. Pp. 73-81Pierson, P. 1996. Dismantling the social welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment, Cambridge University Press Melbourne. Pp. 1-9Mishra, R. 1999. Globalisation and the Welfare State, Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar. Pp. 1-16Kennett, P. 2001. Comparative Social Policy, Buckingham Open University Press. Pp. 26-29.Brietenfeller, A. 1997. Global Unionism A potential player. International lying-in Review, Winter 1364. Pp. 533-37Downes, A. 1998. Separating the planning and procurement of public services from their production and delivery, in Anthony Downes ed. semipolitical opening and Public Choice, Cheltenham UK Edward Elgar. first published 1976. 4 pagesBrennan, D. 1998. Government and civil society, in P. Smyth and B. Cass eds. Contesting the A ustralian Way, Oakleigh, Melbourne Cambridge University Press. Pp. 127-137McGuire, L. 1997. Service delivery contracts quality for clients, customers and citizens, in G.Davis, B. Sullivan and A. Yeatman eds. The New Contractualism, Centre for Public Centre Management, Griffith University, Queensland. Pp. 102-118.Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Melbourne Oxford University Press. Pp. 1-3, 64-67.Ransome, P. 1999. Sociology and the Future of Work. modern-day Discourses and Debates, Sydney Ashgate. Pp. 66-74.Leonard, P. 1997. Postmodern Welfare, London. Sage. Pp. 119-127Walters, W. 1997. The active society new designs for social policy, Policy and Politics, 25(3) 221-34. Pp. 224-31.Combet, G. 2005. Whose Choices? Analysis of the Current industrial Relations Reforms. journal of Australian Political Economy, 56243-253. Pp. 243-253.Williams, C. 1996. Reinventing the welfare state neo-liberalism and beyond, in A. McMahon, J. Thomson, and C. Williams eds. taking into cust ody the Australian Welfare State Key Documents and Themes, Croydon, Victoria Macmillan. Pp. 248-261.Mendes, P. 2000. Australias Welfare Wars the Players, the Politics and the Ideologies, UNSW Press. Pp. 37-49.Rodger, J. 2000. From a Welfare State to a Welfare Society, London Macmillan. Pp. 3-10.Moss, J. 2001. The ethics and politics of mutual obligation, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 36(1) 1-14. Pp. 1-14.Mendes, P. 2001. Blaming the messenger The media, social workers and child abuse, Australian Social Work. 54(2)27-36. Pp. 27-36.Mendes, P. 1997. Blaming the victim the new assault on the welfare state, Journal of Economic Social Policy, 2(1)41-53. Pp.41-53.Gardner, F. 2006. Current Issues and Prospects, Chapter One in work with Human Services Organisations, South Melbourne Oxford University Press. Pp. 3-13.Lewellen, T.C. 1995. Dependency and Development. An Introduction to the Third World, London Bergin and Garvey. Pp. 19-25.Hoogvelt, A. 2001. Globalisation and the Postcolo nial World. The New Political Economy of Development, 2nd, Hampshire UK Palgrave. Pp. 29-34, 43-47.Amin, S. 1999. Capitalism, imperialism, globalisation, in R. M. Chilcoate ed. The Political Economy of Imperialism Critical Appraisals, London Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pp. 157-67.Brietenfeller, A. 1997. Global unionism A potential player. International Labour Review, 136(4)531-555. 543-44, Pp. 549-51.Esping-Anderson, Gosta 2002. Why we Need a New Welfare State. Melbourne Oxford University Press.Perkins, Daniel, Lucy Nelms and Paul Smyth. 2005. Beyond neo-liberalism the social investment state? Just Policy, 3835-40.

Problems of the Past Essay Example for Free

Problems of the one and solely(a)-time(prenominal) EssayUsu bothy, when ones onetime(prenominal) problems atomic number 18 pushed away and neglected, they grow in size until they are too more than than to handle. The two short stories The Swimmer by John Cheever and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner portrays how a indisposition to accept or let go of ones by bath lead to macrocosmy problems and difficulties. This is emphasized through the development and workions of the characters, Neddy and Emily, the aspects of southern disembodied spirit and Ameri stub suburbia, and the badinage and social organisation of the plots. Throughout their lives, Neddy and Emily inevitably experience diverge despite their attempts to disregard and ignore it.The actions and characteristics of Neddy and Emily illustrate and give sagacity astir(predicate) their past, their crutches, and the archetypal change they ultimately face. The American suburbia and Southern townshipsfolk that Neddy and Emily reside in directly symbolizes their problems, emphasizes the changes they face, and possible sources that fuel their reluctance to let go of their past. The irony, structure and divergence of the plots illustrates the futility of Neddy and Emilys reluctance to accept and let go of their past, the overall damage of their problems, and other sources that fuel their problems.The actions and personality of concourse can give insight about their life. Firstly, Neddy and Emilys characteristics and actions illustrate their problems and past. For example, in The Swimmer, after Neddy visits the Hallorans pool and Mrs. Halloran expresses her pity towards Neddys misfortunes, Neddy says My misfortunes? () I dont know what you mean (25). The concomitant that Neddy seems unaware of his problems shows how Neddy is reluctant to accept his past, so much so that it made him lose grip on his life. Similarly, Emily, after her gives death, becomes secretive and people hardly se e her at all (12).This shows how Emily clings to her past because she spends all her time confined in her house, avoiding the present. Additionally, when the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, Emily refuses to pay taxes and says, I have no taxes in Jefferson (12). This emphasizes how she does not want to change from her past ways and conform to the new ideas of the town. Secondly, Neddy and Emilys characteristics and actions illustrate the crutches that they use to forget or crap on to their past.For example, in The Swimmer, Neddy drinks a lot of alcohol and naturally accepts it from numerous houses he visits. This shows how he cannot cope with humankind and his past so he uses a crutch, in this case alcohol, to make him wash away his verity and forget his underlying problems. Moreover, when Neddy decides to swim across the county, it shows how he is possibly using the idea as a way to keep his mind off his past. Likewise, in A Rose for Emily , Emily keeps her fathers carcass for three days after he dies (13). This reveals Emilys desire to control another and her refusal to accept the occurrence of death.Her desire to control is her crutch and it shows how she does not want to let go of her past since her father, before he died, controlled her, so she had to cling to that which had robbed her (14). Lastly, the actions and personalities of Neddy and Emily signify the archetypal change that they ultimately face. For example, in The Swimmer, after completing his journey, Neddy cries for () probably the offset time in his adult life (27). When compared to Neddys first description of being very happy, youthful, with nothing cheeseparing in his life, it emphasizes the change that Neddy faces despite his attempts to avoid it (21).In contrast, in A Rose for Emily, Emily does not go through any change as she stays confined in her house, with the only sign of life about the place being the Negro man ()going in and out with a m arket wicket (12). Her lack of change as a person while the newer generation became the backbone and the spirit of the town, illustrates her dislike towards change as a whole (16). This also emphasizes her reluctance to let go of her past because it would involve change, which she clearly loathes.Ultimately, the characters actions and personalities create irony because their problems are expressed through them, despite their efforts to forget about it. The background knowledge one resides in could be a factor that influences ones actions and characteristics. The setting that one resides in can give insight about their way of life. Firstly, the American suburbia and Southern town that Neddy and Emily reside in directly symbolizes their problems. For example, the setting in The Swimmer is illustrated to be an American suburbia dependable of wealthy and privileged adults who spend all their time drinking and having parties.This is symbolic of Neddy who considers himself energetic an d having especial sparseness of youth with very few problems (21). However, just like the suburbia, under Neddys apparent happiness and bloated simplicity lie growing family and economic problems. Similarly, A Rose for Emily portrays the setting to be a southern town with ignorant views and rumours. This is representative of Emilys ignorance towards change because despite many messages from the mayor and sheriff asking for change, Emily would not learn to them (16).Secondly, the societies and settings that Neddy and Emily are in emphasize the possible sources that fuel their reluctance to let go or hold on to their past. For example, the society in The Swimmer makes Neddy act like everyone else where people have parties, fun, and are honor to give Neddy a drink (26). This illustrates how Neddys problem with accepting his past could have rooted from his towns society where he is expected to live in apparent happiness. Similarly, the society that Emily is in expects her to act lik e others, like when Emily is expected to marry someone.This shows how Emilys necrophilia and use of her fathers dictatorial ways was caused by the society because she was expected to marry someone, but since Homer was not a marrying man, she killed him so she could be with him and be in control (15). Lastly, the settings that Neddy and Emily reside in emphasize the changes they face. For example, in The Swimmer, as Neddy begins his journey and is unaware of his problems, the setting is described as a midsummer Sunday where everything seems peaceful and ameliorate (15). As Neddy continues his journey and his problems and past begin to dawn on him, the weather changes and a thunderstorm occurs.By the end, the place is dark and gloomy and Neddy is hit with the full realization of his problems (28). This pathetic fallacy is symbolic of the change that Neddy goes through because the setting and weather are directly connected to his emotions, changing depending on how he feels. Similarl y, in A Rose for Emily, as the town changes constantly, Emilys house stays, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay (11). The fact that her house is described to be stubborn and decaying is symbolic of Emily, who is also stubborn towards change and is decaying metaphorically, as she lives in her past, confined from the outside world.Ultimately, it is shown that the setting one resides in can heavily influence the decisions and choices one makes. The setting of a story is closely linked to the plot as it has influence on it. The plot of a story connects the characters and settings to the problems and difficulties at hand. Firstly, the irony of the plots illustrates the futility of Neddy and Emilys reluctance to accept and let go of their past. For example, The Swimmer is wry because Neddy drinks alcohol in order to forget about his past but it ends up sharpening his unhappiness and problems.The irony emphasizes how Neddys attempt at forgetting his past is repointless and futile b ecause it ends up coming back to him. Likewise, A Rose for Emily is ironic because Emily buys arsenic and the town thinks, she will kill herself with it, but Emily ends up using it to embitter Homer (15). This shows how Emily did not chose death as a way out of her past but succumbed to her fathers controlling ways. She resorted to necrophilia in order to control Homer, emphasizing how her reluctance to let go of her past is useless because in mankind, she can never go back to her past.All she can do is pretend to still be in the past by dwelling on her fathers old ways. Secondly, the structure of the plots emphasizes the overall damage that Neddy and Emily face. For example, The Swimmer ends with Neddy looking at his abandoned and broken downward(a) house. The fact that there is no falling action shows how Neddys disregard for his past upscale his problems to the point of no return. In contrast, A Rose for Emily does not follow a regular beginning to oddment structure since it begins with Emilys death.The non-chronological and unnatural structure is symbolic of how Emily, who was once considered tradition, a duty, and a care, had succumbed to fleck and unnatural ways (11). Lastly, the conflict of the plots illustrates additional sources that fuel Neddy and Emilys problems. For instance, The Swimmer portrays the central conflict to be person vs. himself since Neddy always needs a drink, showing how he cannot control his urge (26). This emphasizes how his problems are deeply rooted in his alcoholism and are simply not from his family and economic problems.In contrast, the main conflict in A Rose for Emily is person vs. erson since Emilys father was possessive and controlling of Emily. The town remembers all the young men Emilys father had driven away illustrating how he kept Emily isolated from the community (14). This shows how Emilys eccentric ways and hatred towards change stemmed and rooted from her father because of the way he handle her. Since he co ntrolled her so much, Emily had no choice but to cling on to the past when he died because it was the only thing she was used to. Ultimately, the plot emphasizes how Neddy and Emily created more problems than they started out with by not letting go or accepting their past.In conclusion, the two short stories The Swimmer by John Cheever and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner emphasize, through the development and actions of the characters, the aspects of the settings, and the structure and irony of the plot, how a reluctance to accept or let go of ones past can lead to many complications and difficulties. Ultimately, when people with underlying problems reside in a society, whose views and traditions tempts them to forget or cling on to their past, end up losing their grip on reality and ruining their lives.

Concrete Lab Report Essay Example for Free

concrete research lab Report EssayEngineering B45 Concrete Lab Report Introduction Concrete is a mixing of sand and rock or similar inert material ( congeriess) held together by a cementuming material. normally the cementing material is Portland cement, but sometimes binders such as asphalt or gypsum are used, in which outcome the cover may be called asphaltic concrete or gypsum concrete. Properties of concrete are governed not solely by the properties of its ingredients (cement, water, sand, and coarse aggregate) but also, to a great extent, by the relative proportions of these ingredients. The proportions must be so selected as to set up a concrete mixture of desired workability, bearing, durability, and economy. The most common aggregates are regulate and crushed stone, although cinders, blast-furnace slag, burned shale, crushed brick, or other materials may be used because of availability, or to convert such characteristics of the concrete such as workability, density , appearance, or conductivity of heat or sound. Usually aggregate which passes a take with 0. 187-inch openings (No. 4 sieve) is called fine aggregate, but that retained by a No. sieve is coarse aggregate, although the division is purely arbitrary. If all the particles of aggregate are of the same size, or if too many fine particles are present, an excessive amount of cement paste will be demand to produce a workable mixture a range of sizes aids in the production of an economical mixture. The scoop out concrete for a given use is unremarkably the one which will provide the necessary strength and the desired workability at the pocket-sizeest cost. Unless otherwise indicated, strength, as applied to concrete, refers to the ultimate compressive strength of the moist-cured concrete at the age of 28 days.Most concretes are batched to provide an ultimate compressive strength of 2500 to 4000 psi after 28 days. The figure below shows a typical strength curve of concrete with the passa ge of time. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is about 1000 times the ultimate compressive strength. The strength of concrete depends chiefly on the water-cement ratio, with a low ratio producing a strong concrete. While only a small amount of water is required to complete the chemical reactions of setting concrete, more than this is used to drive the concrete more workable.The workability of concrete is usually measured by its slump. The standard method of measuring slump consists of placing the freshly-mixed concrete in a shake off in the form of a truncated cone, 12 inches high, 8 inches in diameter at the bottom, and 4 inches in diameter at the top. The concrete is placed in the slump cone in 3 layers, each layer rodded thoroughly to compact it. When filled, the mold is immediately withdrawn by lifting it gently, and the slump of the concrete is measured at the vertical distance from the top of the mass to its original 12 inch height.An growing in the amount of mixing wa ter will increase the slump, but it will also shine the strength and increase the tendency of the ingredients of the concrete to segregate unless more cement is added. Increasing the amount of cement paste increases the cost, so all three factors- strength, workability, and cost-are interrelated in a complex way. Procedure 1. Concrete mixtures are commonly given as volume ratios as cement sand gravel. You will make two concrete mixtures at ratios given to you by the instructor.

Economics Essay Example for Free

Economics Es interpretThe three areas of economics affect an individual both positively and negatively. First, in making decisions, a person very much has to decide on tradeoffs because he/she just cannot devote to barter for everything that he/she needs. In other words, sacrifices must be made. Economics, after all, is about allocating the resources available to a person which happens to be scarce most of the time. This would mean, for instance, that if one has set aside $10 dollars for chocolates and he/she wants to buy or so oranges, the decision would often entail buying less chocolates to enable him/her to buy some oranges. This effect is often interpreted as a negative one because a person has to let go of one want in order to satisfy another desire. This illustration clearly shows that budget constraint plays a major role in decision-making. (Mankiw, 2004) The second area of economics, interaction with others, affects members of society positively because in a free market economy, prices could not just be dictated by producers and sellers without the involvement or say of the consumers.In other words, if the price of a certain commodity proves too expensive, consumers would usually look for cheaper alternatives, thereby causing the demand for the more expensive version to fall. If the 21 colored television set produced by Sony Corporation, for instance, has been priced much mettlesome than the 21 colored television of Philips, chances are that consumers would opt for the television set universe sold by Philips because of the cut down price. In this case, preference for Sony, which might prove to have a higher quality, could only be expressed by those who have the money, therefore feeling no budgetary constraints.Finally, the full treatment of the economy could affect an individual both positively and negatively. One instant is when government decides to print and put across an abnormally high volume of money. This situation forces money to depreciate in value, thereby resulting to inflation. A high level of inflation causes prices to increase because of the additional costs being shouldered by manufacturers owing to the lower value of money. An upside of this situation, however, could be a temporary increase in employment. Because of the availability of money, employers can afford to hire additional workers. (Mankiw, 2004)

Hasty Desicion Essay Example for Free

Hasty Desicion EssayWho falls in love after sightedness each another(prenominal) for only one night. Romeo and Juliet has made some abrupt decisions for those few days they were together. What do i mean about hasty decisions is like getting married and not never copulation their parents knowing that they loathe each other. Romeo killing Juliets cousin Tybalt during a little fight. And Romeo killing himself-importance after interview that Juliet fake her death.That is what i mean about hasty decisions. Romeo and Juliet were very young Juliet was fourteen years overage and Romeo was sixteen or seventeen years old. Romeo and Juliet falls in love with each other as soon as they saw each other. It was at a dance. Romeo and Juliet families did not like each other for nothing in the world thats what makes it worst. How are you going to have a relationship with someone if the parents doesnt honor of it thats kind of miss up right.So they had a secret wedding that only the nurse and the preacher know about. Thats one the hasty decisions that were made in this story. In the story of Romeo and Juliet they make another hasty decision. Romeo kills Juliet cousin Tybalt . Romeo has made a very huge hasty decision right here by killing a family member. What makes it very bad is that the families a families already dont like each other and he go and kills his wife cousin.So they go and deliver the news to the families and Juliet family says that Romeo should die for doing a such thing. So now that Romeo has killed Tybalt is focus to move out the city or he will be killed. The give-up the ghost hasty decision that was made was that happen in the story is that Romeo has killed himself with some position . Romeo kills himself because he perceive that Juliet killed herself. So now Romeo is gone and died somewhere else .Then they tell Juliet and she fake her death. So now that the law commas out about them . The nurse ends up telling the families that they were marr ied and had no other choices about alone to just to get alone with each other choice but to like each other. In conclusion their were so much more hasty decision that were made. And i just chose to do those three to write my essay on how they made bad things like.Married without telling either of their parents knowing that they hate each other, Romeo killing juliets cousin Tybalt and almost getting himself killed, and Romeo and Juliet drinking a position to kill their self and that killed Romeo and they never said if it killed Juliet. But i think it did in my own opinion. That is my way of them trying to press out their hasty decision. I wonder what would happen to me if i did any of these types of hasty decision that they had made.

Roman Architecture Essay Example for Free

roman type Architecture EssaySome 2,025 old age ago, an aged romish architect named Vitruvius wrote all he knew on architecture on 10 scrolls and presented it to emperor butterfly Augustus in the hope of developing this dying art. Kn possess as the, Ten Books on Architecture, this piece of pastness is the only much(prenominal) work to survive through medieval times, and continues to be an important resource for architects todayProf. Thomas Gordon Smith, Viturvius on Architecture.The early Christian church service was spectacular in architecture. They were an end-product of a combination of culture and rejection of precedents, such as the Greek temple, the papistical public building, the private papistic house, and the synagogue. The Early Christian church (the Basilica church) architecture developed from Roman profane basilica a centralized type from Roman tombs (Early Christian Architecture, Ch.4, p.159-169, n.d) .2.0 IntroductionRoman architecture dates back in t ime when Greek architecture was at its best. Many of the Greek style brace been perfected by the Romans and this can be seen in the architectural brilliance in their churches to date. The Pantheon is a prime example of architectural brilliance. The Pantheon was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the Roman state morality, but is now a Christian church since the 7th one C. Such is the make oution that it remains the best-preserved and the oldest important Roman building in the world. Whats more, this building has its original roof intact. It remained in use throughout its history (Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159-169).2.1 HistoryThe Pantheon was built as early as 27-25 BC during the third consulship of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. As testimony stands the inscription of his name on the portico of the building, which reads, MAGRIPPALFCOSTERTIUMFECIT. It was originally built with adjoining baths and water gardens, but this body structure put de stroyed by a raging fire in AD 80, only to be rebuilt nigh 125 during the reign of the then Emperor, Emperor Hadrian. On reconstruction, the text of the original inscription of Agrippa was added a pull fol miserableed during Hadrians rebuilding processes all oer Rome. The building went through subsequent rep phone lines nether Septimius Severus and Caracalla.In 609 the Byzantine emperor Phocas presented the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV, who reconsecrated it as a Christian church, the Church of Mary and all the Martyr Saints. The buildings consecration as a church saved it from the abandonment which befell the majority of ancient Romes buildings during the early mediaeval period. The building unless lost whatever of its external sculptures above Agrippas inscription. The marble inside(prenominal) and the great dye doors have survived, although the doors came in for repair works several times.Since the Renaissance the Pantheon was used as a tomb, and those buried here were the young painters, Raphael and Annibale Caracci, the architect Baldass ar Peruzzi and King Vittorio Emanuele II and his Queen Margherita, and King Umberto I. Since 1946, when Italy became a republic, umteen members of Italian monarchist organizations mum maintain a vigil over the royal tombs in the Pantheon. Despite protests from republicans, the Catholic authorities have allowed this practice to continue. The Pantheon however, remains to be a church with masses continuing to follow celebrations and weddings (Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159-169).2.2 StructureThe Pantheon was maybe among the most difficult piece of architecture to build. The huge structure would make even todays architects amazed by their precision and craftsmanship. The covered stadium would have taken years to perfect and establish, for it was very blue up from the floor and definitely a challenging task. Following is a detailed description of this aright structure. The Pantheon is circular in structure with a portico of three ranks of huge granite Corinthian columns eight in the offshoot rank and two groups of four behind. These huge columns, under a pediment, open out into a rotunda, under a coffered, concrete dome, with a central opening called the oculus, the Great Eye, to the sky. A rectangular structure link up the portico with the rotunda. On the walls behind the portico are the statues of Caesar, Augustus and Agrippa. The large bronze doors, once gold-plated remain, but without the gold. The pediment, decorated with bronze sculptures characterisation the Battle of the Titans, shows gaping holes where once stood the clamps which held the sculptures.The height to the oculus (the roof) and the diameter of its inner circle are 43 meters, making the whole upcountry fit within a cube. This dome remains the largest surviving antiquity, and was the largest dome in Western Europe until Brunelleschis dome of the Duomo of Florence was completed in 1436. The dome was covered with gild ed bronze plates. The interior of the roof was crafted to symbolize the heavens. The Great Eye, at 27 feet, and at the domes apex, was the source for lighting the interior and represented the sun. The interior also have sunken panels (coffers) of bronze star ornaments. These coffers not only presented a decorative splendor, but helped reduce the weight of the roof.The top of the rotunda wall had a series of brick-relieving arches that were visible on the outside were once hidden by marble facings. The Pantheon is do up of such devices there are relieving arches over the recesses inside, all that were again originally hidden by marble facing. An important aspect of the structure is that the proportions of the building are in discord to classical ideal. The rather large pediment appears far too with child(p) for the columns supporting it the earlier expectation was that the building would be much taller than its current size actually is, and this raises the exit of its affect on th e larger columns. Since there was shortage in supply of raw material (imported stones), the columns were not enough to build as per designs, and completed somewhat out of proportion.The composition of the concrete used to construct the dome remains a mystery. It would need technological excellence to create anything close to this, for the dome was so heavy that it would barely have been able to stand on its own weight. Concrete has very low tensile strength, yet the Pantheon has stood for centuries. It is believed that the Romans used pozzolanic ash from a nearby volcano and fist-sized rocks to the concrete made up of a hydrate lime. The high tensile strength it appears, seems to come from the way the concrete was applied in very small amounts and then tamped down to remove excess water. This would have removed the appearance of air bubbles that form in concrete as it dries, increasing its strength enormously (Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159-169, n.d).The Roman Christian church remains one of the most brilliant discoveries in architectural history. This was achieved through ways of assimilating and rejecting unhomogeneous precedents, such as the Greek temple, the Roman public and private buildings, and the synagogue. Italy was the home of Christianity, and this effectively led to the development of an underground Eastern mystery cult during the first three centuries AD, and established as the state religion of the Empire under the successors of Constantine. The early Christian Architecture saw the development of basilica churches from Roman secular basilicas. In Rome, classical marble wall membering, vocabulary and massive walls were gradually replaced by broad, flat surfaces. equally lighted, these structures had plain brick exteriors and mosaic bands as interiors.3.0 Literature ReviewThe Romans adopted the classical Greek architecture for their own purposes, but which, they modified to suit their needs and create a new architectural style. Both, the G reek and Roman styles of architecture are thus, often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture represents a coalescency of traditional Greek and Etruscan elements, notably the trabeated orders (Early Christian Architecture, n.d), with changes coming about in their structural principles base on the design of arch and usage of concrete. The Romans achieved originality very late in their existence they were nearly atomic number 6 copies of early Greek structures. It was only later that the influence of Etruscans in the form of arch and the three-dimensional soft touch of domes began to take shape.The two developments of any significance were the Tuscan and Composite orders. While the Tuscan model was made of the shortened, simplified variant on the Doric order, the Composite model was more elaborate tall orders with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and scrolls of the Ionic. With the discovery of concrete, the Romans were able to construct curved and stronger structures. Tile-covered concrete took over from marbles as the primary building material and architects were able to innovate using its flexibility to build huge, structural buildings that were highly brilliant monuments. Structures with huge supporting pillars to support arches and domes came into being they also inspired the development of colonnade screens, a row of purely decorative columns in front of load-bearing walls.Tiling took the Romans by storm, as many Roman homes joined the well known mural in decorating floors, walls, and grottoes in geometric and pictorial designs (Early Christian Architecture, n.d). A recent study of Eastern Roman architecture illustrated the imperial style and universality of Roman architecture, drawing upon Greek prototypes but designed to be of single theme to integrate a universal cultural basis. Architecture was seen as a manifestation, a tool to enforce its power over paper nations by a common, imposed vocabulary seen to be the sam e in every city of the empire, provided for some minor decorative details and construction techniques. There is a homogeneity to Roman architecture cannot be denied, but it was never the overriding factor either. Nowhere was regionalism more important in Roman architecture than in the East. In this past, this has been minimized, usually because Roman architecture has been viewed almost wholly from the Classical thought (Ball W, p.247, 2000).Counter Reformation attitudes however are not reflected or influenced the architectural development in ancient Roman architecture. The influence of early Christianity and Scholasticism can be seen in some isolated cases, such as the cathedral of Mantua in 1545 by Giulio Romano, where colonnades, architrave, and flat ceiling of the nave can be traced back to oldish St.Peters (Kruft H. W, Ch.8, p.93, 1996) . The Romans contribution to architecture remains exemplified through its robust presence throughout Europe and normality America by way of arches and domes of governmental and religious buildings (Early Christian Architecture, n.d).During the 17th century, Roman Catholic churches reveled in artistry that combined architecture as well as painting and sculpture. The interiors were conspicuous by the churrigueresco combines all three arts to produce a sense of emotional exuberance. This style differed from the Renaissance. The Roman Catholic world was the home of baroque, and the Catholic Church enjoyed an aura of centuries of authority and prestige. St. Peters Church in Rome set the example for numerous other churches built and decorated in the 17th century to put baroque. Welcomed by rows of saints, gesticulating eagerly in stone from alcove or roof line, the interior was full of mingling curves of columns, altars and sculpted groups, breaking up the solidity of side walls, leading up to an magician ceiling that became a source that provided light to the inside. The ceilings were decorated with angels and people of f ame or virtue, streaming upwards into the conflicting clouds of heaven (Historyworld, n.d).Frescos were predominant Roman style architectural revelations. The Romanesque and Gothic St Marys Cathedral, built between the 9th and 14th centuries, featured impressive frescos, an 11th-century bronze portal, a Romanesque crypt, and paintings by Hans Holbein the Elder. The survival of a few twelfth-century windows displaying the prophets (see photo at the end) are among the oldest stained glass windows in German churches (HHOG, 2006).Erfurts landmark is dwarfed by Mariendom (Cathedral of Mary) and the Severikirche (St. Severus Church). The churches are standing examples of German architectural masterpieces of medieval style. The Gloriosa (1497) (see photo), also called, the queen of bells, has been praised for centuries for her magnificent sound. Inside the cathedral one sees the impressive gothic choir with its colorful cycle of stained glass windows that number 13 in all. They are over 40 feet high and are considered to be among the greatest works of medieval stained glass art. The Cathedral houses many noteworthy treasures of art created over the centuries. A wide and impressive open air staircase leads up from the Cathedral Square to the Cathedral and the Church of St. Severus (HHOG, 2006).4.0 SummaryRoman architecture dates back in time when Greek architecture was at its best. Many of the Greek style have been perfected by the Romans and this was evident in the way they built their churches. The Pantheon was an example of Roman architectural excellence, for the structure used some of the most complicated designs and shapes to defy logic. The Roman Christian churches remain one of the most brilliant discoveries in architectural history. Their style of designing and construction was achieved through ways of assimilating and rejecting various precedents, such as the Greek temple, the Roman public and private buildings, and the synagogue.5.0 IllustrationsThe Panth eon Photo ingenuity http//www.geocities.com/SoHo/Workshop/5220/ancient/pant.htmlTwelfth-century windows displaying the prophets are verbalize to be the oldest stained glass windows in GermanyPhoto Courtesy http//www.hhog.de/4067.htmlCathedral and ChurchPhoto Courtesy http//www.hhog.de/3666.html6.0 BibliographyAncient Roman Architecture, http//www.crystalinks.com/romearchitecture.htmlReading Architecture, chapter four, pp. 159169Early Christian Architecture, http//www.pitt.edu/tokerism/0040/syl/christian.htmlProf. Thomas Gordon Smith, Viturvius on Architecture, http//architecture.nd.edu/publications/faculty_publications.shtmlHanno-Walter Kruft, A History of architectural Theory From Vitruvius to the Present, 1996, Princeton Architectural, ISBN 1568980108Warwick Ball, 2000, Rome in the East The Transformation of an Empire, Routledge, London, ISBN 0415243572Historyworld Index Search, HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE, Baroque as a style 17th 18th century AD, http//www.historyworld.net/wrldhis /PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1545HistoryID=ab271545HHOG, Historic Highlights of Germany, Dom (Cathedral), Augsburg The German Renaissance, http//www.hhog.de/4067.htmlHHOG, Historic Highlights of Germany, Erfurt The Medieval City, Mariendom (Cathedral of Mary) and Severikirche (St. Severus Church)http//www.hhog.de/3666.html